How plans to make NZ road signs bilingual took an unexpected turn

It was meant to be an inclusive gesture to New Zealand's indigenous Maori community.

But plans to introduce bilingual road signs featuring both the English and te reo Maori languages have sparked a divisive, racially charged debate ahead of the country's looming general election.

New Zealand – or Aotearoa as it is known to the Maori – recently hosted a public consultation on whether to include te reo Maori on 94 types of road signs, including for place names, speed limits, warnings and motorway advisories.

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The idea, according to the national Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency (whose name means "traveling together as one"), is to promote "cultural understanding and social cohesion" with the Maori community, which makes up almost a fifth of New Zealand's population of 5.15 million.

But the idea hasn't gone down well with right-wing opposition parties, who have attacked the signs claiming they will jeopardise road safety.

An extra language will mean less space for the English words, the theory goes, and smaller type will be harder for motorists to read.

"Signs need to be clear. We all speak English, and they should be in English," the main opposition National Party's spokesman Simeon Brown told reporters, insisting the signs could confuse people "travelling at speed."

That claim prompted criticism from the ruling Labour Party government, with Prime Minister Chris Hipkins accusing the opposition of thinly disguised racial politics.

"I'm not entirely sure where they are going with this unless it's just an outright dog whistle," he said.

While the National Party has since insisted it is not opposed to bilingual signs "per se" – rather, it says, it wants the government to prioritise other things like fixing potholes and improving traffic networks – the issues has sparked heated debate in the run up to the vote in October where Labour are facing a tough fight to hold onto power.

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New life for a once dying language

For many in the Maori community, the plan is as much about signposting and preserving their cultural heritage as it is about understanding road directions.

Slightly less than a quarter of New Zealand's 892,200 Maori speak te reo Maori as one of their first languages, according to the latest government data.

While opponents use this as an argument against the signs – pointing out that 95 per cent of New Zealanders speak English according to the most recent census in 2018 – supporters use the same data as an argument in favour.

Part of the reason that te reo Maori is not so widely spoken is that back in New Zealand's colonial era there were active efforts to stamp it out.

The Native Schools Act 1867 required schools to teach in English where possible and children were often physically punished for speaking te reo Maori.

That led to a decline in the language that the New Zealand government of today is trying to reverse.

It wants to preserve the language as part of the country's cultural heritage and sees bilingual signs as one way of encouraging its use.

As Maori language expert Awanui Te Huia, from the Victoria University of Wellington, put it: "Having bicultural signage allows us to see our language as part of our daily surroundings and contributes to the development of a bilingual national identity."

To this end the government in 2018 launched a five-year plan aimed at revitalising the language.

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Five years ago just 24 per cent of New Zealanders were able to speak "more than a few words or phrases" of te reo Maori; by 2021 that had risen to 30 per cent.

Over the same period, support for bilingual signs rose from 51 per cent to 56 per cent.

The longer term vision is that by 2040, 85 per centof New Zealanders will value te reo Maori as a key part of their nationality; 1 million people will be able to speak the basics, and that 150,000 Maori ages 15 or above will use it as much as English.

While the transport agency acknowledges some people have "safety concerns" over the plan, it points to the example of Wales in the United Kingdom, where it says signs featuring both English and Welsh have managed to "improve safety" by catering to speakers of the two most common local languages.

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It also says the parallel between New Zealand and Wales will be "particularly salient if te reo Maori becomes understood more widely in the future" – as the government is hoping.

Several other experts have downplayed the suggestion bilingual signs pose a hazard.

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